The Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), through the European UNDARK project and together with CERN, has brought together international experts in cosmology, astrophysics and theoretical physics to analyse some of the discrepancies that are challenging our current understanding of the Universe. The aim is to determine whether they arise from effects in the observations that are not yet fully understood, or whether they conceal unknown physical phenomena still waiting to be discovered. We know more about the Universe than at any other time in history, and we can measure some of its
Sub-Neptunes - planets larger than Earth but smaller than Neptune - are the most common type of planet in our Galaxy, yet they are entirely absent from our own Solar System. This absence makes them a major focus for astronomers seeking to understand planetary formation and evolution. We recently conducted an international study, as part of the THIRSTEE project, to characterize two such planets orbiting very similar small, cool stars known as M dwarfs: TOI-521 and TOI-912 . THIRSTEE is an observational-based program that aims to shed light on the sub-Neptune population by providing an
H II regions are clouds of glowing, ionised gas associated with regions of recent star formation. By studying the light emitted by these regions, we can learn about their physical conditions and chemical composition, providing important clues about how stars and galaxies form and evolve. One of the key properties we need to know is the temperature of the gas. We can measure it from the emission lines of different chemical elements, which probe different parts of an H II region. However, it is not always possible to measure all these temperatures directly. In these cases, we need to estimate