We present integral field spectroscopy of the 9×12arcsec2 circumnuclear region of M32 obtained with the 2D_FIS fibre optics spectrographs installed at the 4.2-m William Herschel Telescope. From these spectra line-strength maps have been made for about 20 absorption lines, mostly belonging to the Lick system. We find good agreement with long-slit

A number of background independent quantizations procedures have recently been employed in 4d nonperturbative quantum gravity. We investigate and illustrate these techniques and their relation in the context of a simple 2d topological theory. We discuss canonical quantization, loop or spin network states, path integral quantization over a

The precise nature of photospheric flows, and of the transport effects they give rise to, has been the subject of intense debate in the last decade. Here we attempt to give a brief review of the subject emphasizing interdisciplinary (solar physics-turbulence theory) aspects, key open questions, and recent developments.

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