Low-resolution intensity spectra of Earth's atmosphere obtained from space reveal strong signatures of life (`biosignatures'), such as molecular oxygen and methane with abundances far from chemical equilibrium, as well as the presence of a `red edge' (a sharp increase of albedo for wavelengths longer than 700nm) caused by surface vegetation. Light

The evolved solar-type stars 16 Cyg A and B have long been studied as solar analogs, yielding a glimpse into the future of our own Sun. The orbital period of the binary system is too long to provide meaningful dynamical constraints on the stellar properties, but asteroseismology can help because the stars are among the brightest in the Kepler field

We identify a spectroscopic sequence of galaxies, analogous to the Hubble sequence of morphological types, based on the Automatic Spectroscopic K-means-based (ASK) classification. Considering galaxy spectra as multidimensional vectors, the majority of the spectral classes are distributed along a well-defined curve going from the earliest to the

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Radiative transfer (RT) problems in which the source function includes a scattering-like integral are typical two-points boundary problems. Their solution via differential equations implies making hypotheses on the solution itself, namely the specific intensity I (τ; n) of the radiation field. On the contrary, integral methods require making